Hell Of Way To Run Railroad By Klein Essays - E. H. Harriman

Hell Of Way To Run Railroad By Klein Maury Klein's "A Hell of a Way to Run a Railroad," gives a new perspective of reliable transportation. During much of the 19th century railroads dominated the American industrial landscape. The railroad enabled people to travel farther and also more widely. The railroad was one of the greatest technological advancements of the 19th century. Two hundred thousand miles of track were laid by 1900. The railroad began to symbolize American prosperity. By the 1890s the rail industry was near collapse. Expansion during the 1880s caused rate wars that took the financial strengths of some of the strangest railroads. Regulation of the railroads was controlled by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. Railroads were the first industry to be watched under the federal government. Between 1893 and 1897 one fourth of the nations mileage sank into receivership. The railroads affected were the: Union Pacific, Northern Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, Erie, and the Philadelphia and Reading. For two decades rail managers had tried unsuccessfully for some form of regulation to take away the criticism put upon them. In the phrase of Albro Martin the leading railroad historian, "The final hour had struck for the Victorian Railroad Corporation" (2). The growth of the nineteenth-century rail system had relied on conditions unique to the era. As more railroads reached cities and towns competitive wars erupted that drove rates down despite efforts to maintain them. The railroads task was not to simply haul freight but to help create the towns, factories, and farms that would help generate the freight. The railroad industry had reached a turning point in its history. The question remained who would lead the railroad into the new era? E. H. Harriman would be the leader who brought the rail industry into the new era. Harriman was known as a skilled banker. Harriman was a bantam rooster with a fierce competitive streak in everything he did. During the 1880s Harriman had dabbed in smaller upstate New York railroads, but his role had been largely financial. Stuyvesant Fish landed him on the board of the Illinois Central when Fish needed allies to modernize the company's management and policies. Harriman became vice president. Tension between Harriman and Fish caused Harriman to resign as vice president. Harriman landed a seat on the executive committee of the Union Pacific Railroad in in 1897. By proving his abilities he was elected chairman in 1898. Harriman toured the rails of the Union Pacific. He traveled to the western part of the U.S. Harriman saw growth and prosperity coming towards the West. He telegraphed New York and requested 25 million dollars for equipment and improvements on the railroad. Over the next decade Harriman spent a staggering 160 million dollars modernizing Union Pacific at a time when the total expenditures by the federal government averaged only 561 million dollars a year. In the process he created the most efficient railroad in the West. Harriman faced the task of rebuilding older lines with shaky financial pasts. Harriman had his top engineer John B. Berry transform lines in Wyoming. Harriman invested large sums in automatic block signals, still an expensive rarity on American roads, but an innovation that made the handling and control of trains moving on the same tracks much more safe and efficient. "By 1909 the Harriman system had already installed more than five thousand miles of block signals; twelve years later only thirty-nine thousand miles of the nations railroads had them"(6). Between 1899 and 1909 the fleet of locomotive increased only 11 percent, and that of rolling stock 20 percent, yet the tonnage carried triplet over a system that had grown in mileage by 36 percent. In May of 1906 he went from San Fransico to New York in seventy-one hours and twenty-seven minutes. Harriman was amazed at how smoothly the track ran. Harriman was able to sell 208 million dollars worth of new bonds. Fixed charges increased by 3 million a year while net income jumped 125 percent and the surplus 188 percent. More a warrior than a diplomat, Harriman moved to impose his own brand of order. Harriman, his rival George Gould said "Aims to dominate, and if he don't like us he'll throw us out"(8). Harriman also took control of the Southern Pacific and 247 million to make the Southern Pacific equal to the Union Pacific. Harriman had led the rail industry into a new era and had helped modernize the railroad system. Dividends from the Union Pacific are still paying today. Harriman faced the

Is the ACT Easier Than the SAT

Is the ACT Easier Than the SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Because all US colleges accept scores from either the ACT or SAT, picking the test on which you’ll perform better is critical to your admission chances. But when parents and students ask whether the ACT is easier than the SAT, it can be hard to give a good answer. You might not know how the tests compare with each other or which one you're more likely to do better on. There aredifferences between the SAT and ACT that can make one or the other legitimately easier or harder for test takers. So how do you know whether the SAT or ACT is easier for you? Keep reading to learn the eight key factors that'll help you determine whether the ACT or SAT is easier. Although theACT and SAT differ in a lot of ways, only a few are really important to understanding whether the ACT or SAT is a better fit for you. Each student is different in each of the below factors. As a result,one testwill be easier for you depending on your own strengths and weaknesses. We’ve broken down our analysis into two major sections: content-related and format-related. ACT and SAT Content-Related Abilities: 6 Factors Before we get into specific content-related abilities, let's quickly go over the structures of the two tests. The SAT contains three sections: Reading Writing and Language (hereafter Writing) Math By contrast, the ACT contains four sections: English Math Reading Science Both tests also have an optional essay.Each section has a different format on the ACT than on the SAT, but only some of these differences really matter. Here are the most crucial factors to consider as well as our tips on what these might indicate about which test is easier for you. Factor 1: HowBroad Is Your Mathematical Knowledge? While the SAT and ACT both emphasize algebra questions in their math sections,the ACT's Math section typically tests a wider range of mathematical concepts- such aslogarithms, graphs of trig functions, and matrices- that the SAT doesn't cover. The ACT also has significantlymore questions dealing with geometry and trigonometrythan the SAT does.On the ACT's Math section, about a quarter to a third of the questions will be about geometry or trigonometry, while less than 10% of the SAT's math questions will focus on either of these topics. More SAT Math questions will focus on algebra, along with some other topics such as data analysis and modeling. In addition to testing a wider range of math topics,the ACT doesn't give you any math formulas at the beginning of the Math section, so you’ll need to have them all memorized. On the contrary, the SAT will give you most of the major math formulas you'll need for the test. Here are some key questions to ask yourself: Can I memorize all the formulas I'll need to know? Do I have strong geometry and trigonometry skills? Would I prefer to have primarilyalgebra-related questions? Bottom Line:If you’re more comfortable with algebra than you are with geometry and trigonometry, SAT Math will likely be easier for you than ACT Math will be. Factor 2: How Confident Are You Without a Calculator? Students are not allowed to have a calculator for part of the SAT Math section. The SAT Math section has two parts: a No Calculator part (20 questions) and a Calculator part (38 questions). By contrast, the ACT allows you to use a calculator for all math questions. Every question on the SAT No Calculator subsection is solvable by hand; however, these problems will sometimes require complicated calculations. If you aren't comfortable solving these questions without having a calculator to help you out, this part of the SAT might be challenging for you. Bottom Line:If you prefer always having access to a calculator on math problems, you might find ACT Math easier. Factor 3: Are You Comfortable With Scientific Terminology for ACT Science? Lots of people make a big deal out of the ACT Science section, but the truth is thatit's not actually about science. It doesn't test much knowledge of actual scientific facts, such as freezing points or solubility rules, but it does use a lot of scientific language. The Science sectionalso uses charts and graphs that will be familiar to students with strong science backgrounds. While the SAT incorporates some of these concepts into its three sections, you'll still be answering more questions like thison the ACT. The sample data below is typical of the ACT Science section: Source: Official ACT Practice Test 2005-06 You can answer questions about this information without knowing thatMg means magnesium, or that mol stands for the unit of measurement mole, or that˚C means degrees Celsius. That said, it's a lot faster and easier if you do know these things. And because your Science score factors into yourACT composite score, if you don't know Science well, the Science section can lower your overall score. Bottom Line:Comfort with scientific terms and experience gathering scientific data from charts and graphs will give you a greater advantage on the ACT. While you don't need experience in a lab, you should have some basic science knowledge for the ACT. Factor 4: Can You Remember the Location of Details in Reading Passages? An often-overlooked aspect concerning whether the SAT or ACT is easier for a student is the detail questions on the Reading sections of each test. In short, the SAT gives you more information to work with than the ACT does. Look at it like this: after you read about two pages of an academic book, do you tend to remember where the different pieces of information are located in that reading? Or do you need to go back over it to find specific details? Your answer to these questions canmake adifference between your SAT and ACT Reading scores. This is because one big, somewhat odd difference between the SAT and ACT is their treatment of details in their respective Reading sections. While both tests have questions about small, specific details from the readings,the SAT will usuallytell you what line they're referring to, whereas the ACT frequently does not. Here's a simple example from an ACT Reading section: This kind of question (we call it "fact-finding" at PrepScholar) isn't a challenge if you have the line numbers where the information is located. During the ACT, though, it can be difficult and time-consuming to skim a passageto figure out which specific parta question is referring to. On the SAT, most questions have a line number. Even if they don't, SAT Reading questions always proceed in chronological order. This means you'll have a general idea of where the key information is even if you're not given an exact line reference. If you can easily remember where information is located in a passage, these ACTquestions will be a piece of cake and give you extra time for the harder ones. If you don't, ACT Readingwill frustrate you and simply suck up your precious time. Bottom Line:The ability to remember the locations of details in reading passageswill give you a greater advantage on the ACT. Factor 5: How Easily Can You Cite Evidence for Your Answers? On Reading, the SAT has questions calledevidence-support questions, whichthe ACT doesn't have. These are two-part questions: thefirst question will ask you something general about the passage, whereasthe following question will ask you to cite the specific evidence that supports your answer to the previous question. Here's an exampleof one of these question pairs on the SAT: Source: Official SAT Practice Lesson Plans for Teachers by Teachers As you can see, these questions can be tricky because theyrequire higher-level thinking and strong reasoning skills. If you're stuck on the first question, you likely won't get the second one right either. Take the ACT, though, and you won't have to worry about Reading questions like these. Bottom Line:If you aren’t used to finding evidence to support your reasoning, SAT Reading might be more challenging for you than ACT Reading. Factor 6: Which Types of Writing Questions Do You Prefer? Both the SAT and the ACT Writing/English sections have passage-based questions, but the topics these questions focus on differ between the two tests. ACT English is slightly more focused on grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure. This sectionalso includes big picture questions thatask about the main idea of the passage, whereas SAT Writing doesn't include these types of questions. On the other hand,the SAT focuses more on questions about writing style. It also includes what are known as precision questions; these require you to select the most appropriate word or phrase. Because of precision and other similar questions, the SAT tends to test vocabulary a little more than the ACT does. Bottom Line:The Writing/English sections for both testsare highly similar. However, if you have a solid knowledge of grammar and sentence structure, youmight find ACT English easier, whereas if you prefer questions aboutwriting style and vocabulary,SAT Writing might be easier for you. Instead of flipping through a dictionary to learn vocab, why not check out our SAT vocab list? ACT and SAT Format-Related Abilities: 2 Factors For this section major section, we look at format-related abilities. Unlike content-related abilities, which deal with the content of the ACT and SAT, format-related abilities deal with the overall structures of the two tests and the testing requirements of your state. Below are the top two format-related factors to consider as well as our advice on whether the ACT or SAT might be easier for you. Factor 7: Are You Able to Avoid Getting Stuck on Challenging Questions? Especially in the Math sections of both tests and theSciencesection of the ACT, it's easy for many students to get wrapped up in trying to figure out a particularly challenging problem. This can turn into spending four or five minutes on a single question and missing other ones as a result. Why is this important? The ACT gives much less time per question. Here is a chart showing the time per question on both tests, for reference: Test Section Total Time # of Questions Time per Question ACT English 45 minutes 75 36 seconds Math 60 minutes 60 60 seconds Reading 35 minutes 40 53 seconds Science 35 minutes 40 53 seconds SAT Reading 65 minutes 52 75 seconds Writing 35 minutes 44 48 seconds Math No Calculator: 25 minutes Calculator: 55 minutes No Calculator: 20 Calculator: 38 No Calculator: 75 seconds Calculator: 86 seconds As you can see from this comparison chart, in all sections the ACT offers less time per question than the SAT does.While the ACT English and SAT Writing sections only differ by 12 seconds per question, the two tests' Reading sections differ by 22 seconds- that's almost half a minute more per question! With the Math sections, too, the ACT offers far less time per question. On the SAT Math Calculator subsection, you'll get about 86 seconds per question; however, you'll get 26 seconds less on each ACT Math question. Bottom Line:The ability to move on from difficult questions and work quickly will give you a greater advantage on the ACT. Factor 8: Do You Live in a State That Requires ACT or SAT Testing? This last factor is pretty cut and dried: if your state requires you to take one of the two tests, you'll likely find that test easier. The following 15 states use the ACT as part of their statewide testing regimen: Alabama Hawaii Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada North Carolina North Dakota (students must take ACT or WorkKeys) South Carolina Utah Wisconsin Wyoming And the following eight regions use the SATas part of their testing regimen: Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Illinois Maine Michigan New Hampshire Having a required test can help you be more prepared for that exam. For example, if you live in a state that requires you to take the ACT, you'll likely receive significant in-school preparation for that exam, and yourteachers will be more familiar with how the ACT is formatted and what skills it tests. Even though you can still take the test your state doesn't require, you'll likely be less familiar with it and won't have had as much exposure to it as you did with the one required by your state. Bottom Line:Living in one of the states where the ACT or SAT is requiredwillgive you a slight advantage on that test.That said, if you’re committed toprepping seriously, you’ll get so much exposure to whichevertest you choose that this initial boost won’t make much of a difference in the end. What's your move: ACT or SAT? ACT vs SAT: How Do I Decide Which Test to Take? In this article, we’ve listed tons of important factors to help you figure out whether the ACT or SAT will be easier for you. But is there a quicker way to determine which test you should take? We recommend using the chart below to help organize your thoughts. For each question, answer yes or no (by marking it with an X or check mark) in accordance with your own personal strengths and weaknesses. Once finished, tally up your yes marks and give yourselfonepoint for each yes. For example, if you answered yes to the first question about trigonometry, you'd get one point. However, if you answered no, you'd earn zero points for that question. Question Yes No Are you good at applying trigonometry and geometry skills? Do you like being able to use a calculator on math questions? Are you good at memorizing lots of math formulas? Are you comfortable with scientific terms? Can you easily remember the locations of details in passages? Do you have strong grammar and punctuation skills? Can you work quickly and efficiently? Do you live in one of the mandatory ACT testing states? Are you OK with answering questions that arenot in chronological order? Is it difficult for you to find evidence in passages to support your answers? Do you struggle to answer questions about writing style? Do you often have trouble with vocabulary questions? Once you've tallied up your points, find your score below to learn what it means about which test will be easier for you: 1-4 points: The SAT's got your name on it! If you answered mostly "no" in the chart above, then you'll likely find the SAT easier than the ACT. With the SAT, you don't have to worry about as many geometry questions or a science section, and you'll get more time per question. 5-8 points: You can take the ACT or SAT If you answered "yes" and "no" an equal (or nearly equal) number of times, you can take either test. In other words,the SAT and ACT will be roughly the same difficulty based on the combination of strengths and weaknesses you noted above. 9-12 points: The ACT's the one for you! If you answered mostly "yes," then the ACT will be the easier test for you. With the ACT, you'll get to flex your science and trig muscles. You'll also get to focus more on grammar and punctuation knowledge and less on vocab and writing style. What's the Best Way to Figure Out Whether to Take the ACT or SAT? The above factors we covered are just general principles to guide your thinking. In the end, the best gauge of which test fits you better is to take a full-length practice test of each test and compare your scores on them.You can access all officialSAT practice tests and ACT practice testsfor free on our blog. We’ve also written guides on how to figure out what your target SAT score and target ACT score should be. Knowing this can help you determine how far you'll have to improve on each test. If your practice test score for one test is higher than it is for the other in relation to your target score, you'll likely have a better shot at getting into your target colleges using that test! What's Next? If you're aiming for a top ACT or SAT score, check out our guides togettinga perfect SAT scoreand a perfect ACT score. Both were written by our resident full scorer! Not sure when to take the ACT or SAT? Figure out the best test dates to take the SAT or ACT, and learn how to create an ACT/SAT study schedule for yourself. Whether you decide to take the SAT or ACT,youhaveto know what your target score is. Figure this out using ourSAT target score guideandACT target score guide. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT and ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160+ points or your ACT score by 4+ points. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Public Management Reform in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public Management Reform in the UK - Essay Example This paper gives a comparison of power generation regulation in UK and India, with a number of insights on their drivers as well as ongoing strategy initiatives within the energy sector. The paper also point out a number of key issues along with policy limitations, both in meeting growth targets as well as in controlling emissions increase.The main objective here is to offer a reasonable as well as insightful classification of the factors that shape public management in each UK and India. This paper balances other research attempts of abatement prospective and prospects by offering an evaluation of basis - the framework of state of growth, future requirements and existing policy course. The people of the â€Å"world’s poor† reduced from 3 billion during 1991 to 2.4 billion during 2010, with almost this complete drop occurring in the UK. Majority of the world has not arrived at such sharp declines in poor standard of living. The population of the world’s poor apar t from UK has stayed on more or less 2.1 billion from 1991, regardless of a drop in proportional terms. According to the World Bank estimates, by 2017, this amount would decrease merely to 2 billion. Of the 2.4 billion poor during the year 2010, more than a third resides in India, who consists of almost 40 percent of the nation’s population. More than 50 percent of India’s inhabitants do not have access to electrical energy and they utilize kerosene for light. Merely one fifth of those utilizing electricity consume more than 100 kWh each month, in comparison with the average UK domestic utilization of more than 900 kWh each month (Barnett and Biornsgaard, 2000, p. 82). Therefore, broadening access as well as â€Å"meeting other development goals† (Kiameh, 2009, p. 95) will involve a considerable raise in production ability, even by developments in consumption efficiency. This earnings inconsistency has to be taken into consideration while expanding a load contri bution contract. â€Å"As the philosopher Henry Shue and others have argued, luxury emissions and not subsistence emissions should be the appropriate target of emissions reductions† (Keljik, 2008, p. 78). While one openly justifies this distinction, the comparative burden of India is minute, and is most likely activated just further than 2020. For instance, a current scheme for a burden contribution management for environment improvement supported by nations’ growing discharges from 2000 as well as their assets needs that the UK accept more than 30 percent of the universal improvement prerequisite during 2020, whereas India chips in more or less one percent (Kehlhofer et al, 2009, p. 66). A growth responsive analysis of burden sharing in countries does not mean development should be categorical or that improvement as well as expansion intrinsically diverges. In addition, both countries should focus on to the possibility of â€Å"getting locked† (Grigsby, 2007, p . 93) into flawed technologies and models of growth that will make it tougher to decrease emissions afterwards. Even a quicker look on India exposes discriminatory development in addition to a number of prospects for improvement in co-advantages. Despite the fact that India wants to develop, this sort of development will not chip in satisfactorily to growth unless it is comprehensive and prioritizes the requirements of the neglected. India has diverse evidence with respect to this issue. At the same time, as its scarcity level has dropped since 1991, â€Å"absolute poverty and income inequality† (Blume, 2007, p. 129) have remained more or less the